Method and system for tracking grain

ABSTRACT

A method and system of tracking transported grain. A radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag is provided for being deposited in a container with the grain. The tag is dimensioned to approximate a size of an individual grain, and comprises a memory and RF communication channel. The RFID tag further comprises data stored in the memory, the data including at least a time when the RFID tag was handled with surrounding grain, and information sufficient to determine a location of handling at the time the RFID tag was handled with the surrounding grain.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST

This invention was made with Government assistance under United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Grant No. Hatch 05-307 ACE. The Government hascertain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the fields of agriculturalgrain tracking and food security.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

During a harvesting and production process for grain, the graintypically undergoes various grain handling stages. For example, a grainhandling process may begin at a farm, where the grain is harvested andplaced into a truck. The grain may be taken to an on-farm storagefacility for storage, handling, and/or processing. Afterwards, the grainmay be transported to long term storage, to a livestock facility site,or to an off-farm facility for processing. In later stages, the grainmay be transported domestically or internationally to an end user and/ormay be further processed. These grain handling stages are merelyexemplary, and other grain handling stages are possible.

At any or all of these stages, however, the possibility exists forcommingling of the grain with other product or foreign matter, or forother problems, such as damage, theft, etc. This concern has increasedsignificantly in recent times with greater awareness of food securityissues. It thus is desirable to have an indication of the history of aparticular grain. To date, this problem is believed to have goneunsolved in the grain industry.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides, among other features, a method andsystem of tracking transported grain. In a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag isprovided for being deposited in a container with the grain. The tag isdimensioned to approximate a size of an individual grain, and comprisesa memory and RF communication channel. The RFID tag further comprisesdata stored in the memory, the data including at least a time when theRFID tag was handled with surrounding grain, and information sufficientto determine a location of handling at the time the RFID tag was handledwith the surrounding grain.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows exemplary radio-frequency identification (RFID) tagsdisposed among grain according to preferred embodiments of the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary architecture of an RFID tag;

FIG. 3 shows sample message formats for messages between an RFID tag anda reader/writer;

FIG. 4 shows a reader/writer according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary architecture of a reader/writer;

FIG. 6 shows sample data sets for an RFID tag encoded at four sequentialstages of grain processing;

FIG. 7 shows a display produced from visualization software of adatabase according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 shows an exemplary dispenser for RFID tags, according to apreferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 shows the dispenser of FIG. 8 integrated into a belt-based grainhandling system;

FIG. 10 shows the dispenser of FIG. 8 integrated into a free-fallinggrain collection system;

FIG. 11 shows an exemplary remover for RFID tags from surrounding grain,according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 shows the remover of FIG. 11 integrated into a belt-based grainremoval system; and

FIG. 13 shows the remover of FIG. 11 integrated into a free-fallinggrain collection system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

There is an economic and food security value of physically trackingbatch loads of grain and grain attributes from a harvest field to anypoint in a supply chain. For example, it would be beneficial to provideclear documentation of movement of grain from a beginning stage (aharvest field) to later stages. Processors would be able to increaseoperational efficiency and value through improved and timely informationregarding the attributes of grain, both available (in storage) andarriving at processing facilities.

In terms of economic value, end users and/or consumers would be willingto pay a premium for food items that include clear documentation oftheir origin, as well as proof that a particular food item is segregatedfrom unwanted ingredients or attributes. Clearly demonstrating areduction or elimination of commingling of the grain with unwantedvarieties, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), or other specificattribute characteristics would provide additional economic value to thegrain, both at a wholesale and retail stage.

Further, it would be beneficial for purposes of food security to providesuch tracking of the process for the grain. For example, increasedconcerns regarding bioterrorism illustrate the need for a system bywhich commingling of grain with other materials can be prevented. Also,it may be helpful for security purposes to trace back a particular grainthrough transportation and/or production systems.

Generally, a preferred embodiment of the present invention provides,among other features, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag forbeing deposited in a container with the grain. The tag is dimensioned toapproximate a size of an individual grain, and comprises a memory and RFcommunication channel. The RFID tag further comprises data stored in thememory, the data including at least a time when the RFID tag was handledwith surrounding grain, and information sufficient to determine alocation of handling at the time the RFID tag was handled with thesurrounding grain.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a system to trackagricultural grain, such as, but not limited to, corn, soybeans, andwheat, from harvest to later stages, including a final “whole” grainpoint in a supply chain process. The final point may include, forexample, end users or processors.

In an exemplary tracking method, the RFID tag is deposited into acontainer also holding the grain at a particular grain-handling stage.In this way, the RFID tag enters the grain flow among one or moregrain-handling stages. A writer records in the memory of the RFID tag atleast a time when the RFID tag was handled with surrounding grain andinformation sufficient to determine a location of handling at the timewhen the RFID tag was handled with the surrounding grain. As anon-limiting example, the RFID tag may be recorded with an absolute(e.g., atomic clock) time. As a further non-limiting example, the RFIDtag may be recorded with one or both of an absolute location (e.g.,global positioning satellite (GPS)) of handling and an identification ofa container into which the surrounding grain is, has been, or is to bedeposited. Other data are possible for recording in the memory.

When the RFID tag is moved with surrounding grain from a particulargrain-handling stage to a later stage in the grain handling process, atleast the time and information sufficient to determine a location ofhandling preferably is further recorded in the RFID tag. This adds datato the overall record.

The recording process is repeated at each sequential stage, preferably(though it is possible to not record such information at a particularstage), until the grain reaches a final or intermediate stage. The datastored in the RFID tag can be retrieved at an intermediate stage or at afinal stage, and may be stored for analysis within a database, as astand-alone database within the reader/writer and/or as a separatedatabase, such as a central database. Preferably, it is possible toanalyze the recorded data at an intermediate stage and/or at an endstage of grain handling to provide a timeline or travel path for thegrain among different stages.

Providing such a timeline or travel path, it is possible to determine ifthe grain stored with the RFID tag has deviated from a predeterminedpath, has been commingled with undesirable additional objects, or ifdata is inconsistent, which may indicate tampering. The database mayinclude, for example, visualization software to perceive the timelineand/or tracking path more clearly.

A general purpose of this process stems from both the economic and foodsecurity value of physically tracking grain and grain attributes fromthe harvest field or later stage to any point in a processing chain.From the context of food security and economic value, the presentinvention preferably provides the ability to perform one or more of: 1)tracing back, for example using visualization tools, the entiretransportation/movement of grain from an end user/processor toorigination of seed stock, or to intermediate grain handling locations;2) querying a database for information on identification/location ofgrain having specific attributes or characteristics; 3) linking to otherspatial and/or non-spatial databases for identifying other attributeinformation associated with the grain; and 4) identifying alternativesources of food and export-safe grain, when potential contamination orbioterrorism results or events occur.

For example, by comparing the results stored in the memory of the RFIDtag with those that would occur according to a predetermined path, it ispossible to determine if and when the grain deviated from suchpredetermined path. This comparison may be made easier through thevisualization tools.

A system for recording a history of transported grain is provided, whichpreferably includes one or more RFID tags, each being encoded with atleast a time when the RFID tag was handled with surrounding grain andinformation sufficient to determine a location of handling at a time.The RFID tag was handled with the surrounding grain, plus additionalpossible data preferably including, but not limited to, a unique ID forthe RFID tag. The system further includes a reader for encoding data tothe RFID tags and a writer for extracting data from the RFID tags. Thereader and writer may be embodied in a single device, referred to hereinas a “reader/writer”, or may be embodied in separate devices.Accordingly, though the application refers to a “reader/writer”, itshould be understood that a separate reader and writer may besubstituted therefor. An alternative embodiment of a system includes thereader/writer, so that the system records data in RFID tags to trackgrain.

A preferred system also includes a database, which may be programmedinto a microcomputer of the reader/writer as a stand-alone databaseand/or may be a separate database, such as a central personal computer(PC), which is linked to the reader/writer by suitable networkconnections. The database may include suitable storage and analysistools, and may include visualization software for determining a staticlocation of surrounding grain, for backtracking grain movement, foridentifying buffer or isolation regions, and/or for detecting errors ina timeline or location path.

A preferred system also includes an apparatus or system for encryptingthe data written to the RFID tags, such as encryption software.Encryption software can be included for writing the data in encryptedform to the RFID tags and the software for reading the encrypted dataand translating it back to readable time, location, and serial numberinformation.

A preferred system further includes a dispenser for dispensing the RFIDtags at an early stage in the grain processing and/or a remover forextracting the tags at a later stage. The dispenser and/or remover canbe integrated into various grain handling systems.

Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows non-limiting examples ofRFID grain-tracking tags 10 having a size comparable to a size ofsurrounding corn and soybean grain 12. The RFID grain-tracking tag 10(or, for simplicity, “RFID tag”) is placed with and travels with thegrain 12 being tracked. Preferably, the RFID tag 10 has a sizeapproximating that of the surrounding grain 12 being tracked, and morepreferably is substantially the same size, shape, and weight of thesurrounding grain, so that the grain remains with its host containers(e.g., bushels) of grain as the grain moves from a first stage (such asfrom the field) to a later stage (such as an extraction point). In otherwords, the RFID tag 10 becomes part of the flow of the grain 12.

Preferably, the RFID tag 10 has a packaging or casing that is magnetic,durable, and non-toxic. Magnetic components or portions are preferredfor the casing, or within the casing, so that the RFID tag 10 may bemore easily extracted from the surrounding grain 12. Further, the RFIDtag 10 preferably is durable, so that the RFID tag's packaging does notwear appreciably after several (e.g., thousands of) cycles of reuse.Additionally, the casing or packaging should be non-toxic, so that whatlittle wear does occur as the RFID tag 10 jostles with the surroundinggrain 12 does not contaminate the grain.

As shown, the RFID tag 10 may have a variety of shapes and sizes.Further, while it is preferred that the RFID tag 10 be substantially thesame size as the surrounding grain 12, it is contemplated that othersizes for the RFID tags are possible. In a preferred embodiment, theRFID tags 10 have a similar outer texture to that of the surroundinggrain 12, but this is not required. Similarity in size and/or shape ofthe RFID tag 10 with the surrounding grain 12, however, allows the RFIDtag to more easily be deposited with and travel with the surroundinggrain as it travels among various processing stages.

FIG. 2 shows architecture of a preferred RFID tag 10. The RFID tag 10preferably includes at least a memory and an RF communication channel.The RFID tag 10 preferably is a passive RFID device. In other words, theRFID tag preferably does not contain a battery, and is powered solely byan electromagnetic field generated by a reader/writer 14 (shown byexample in FIG. 4). However, it is contemplated that a battery or otherpower source could be provided in the casing of the RFID tag 10, thoughit may be necessary in certain cases to account for the resultingadditional weight, for example.

An antenna 16 preferably receives and stores electromagnetic energytransmitted from the reader/writer 14. After sufficient energy has beenreceived and stored, the remainder of the architecture becomes active.The density of a transmitter of the reader/writer 14 in terms of themessage bit stream from the reader/writer to the RFID tag 10 should besufficient to keep the circuitry of the RFID tag powered throughout agiven operation, though this may not be necessary if the RFID tagincludes a battery.

The antenna 16 is electrically coupled to an RF receiver 18 and to an RFtransmitter 20 for receiving signals from the transmitter of thereader/writer 14, and/or sending signals to the reader/writer,respectively. In an exemplary embodiment, a state machine 22 coupled toboth the RF receiver 18 and the RF transmitter 20 controls sequencingand timing of at least three operational commands:

1. If the RF receiver 18 successfully receives and decodes a “read ID”command from the reader/writer 14, the state machine 22 reads the RFIDtag's 10 identification number (ID) from a non-volatile read-only memory(ROM) 24 and sends this ID back to the reader/writer via the RFtransmitter 20 and the antenna 16.

2. If the RF receiver 18 successfully receives and decodes a “read data”command from the reader/writer 14, the state machine 22 reads the RFIDtag's ID from the ROM 24, appends all data in a read-write memory 26 tothe ID, and sends the composite message to the reader/writer via the RFtransmitter 20 and the antenna 16. Preferably, the read-write memory 26is non-volatile, particularly if no battery is provided.

3. If the RF receiver 18 successfully receives and decodes a “writedata” command from the reader/writer 14, the state machine 22 writes thereceived bits into the non-volatile read-write memory 26.

The capacity of the ROM 24 is sufficient to contain the RFID tag's 10ID. This memory space preferably is fixed and set at the time the RFIDtag 10 is manufactured. In other words, it is preferred that the RFIDtag's 10 unique ID be absolute and unchangeable. The capacity of theread-write memory 26 should be sufficient to at least contain themaximum number of sets of data that the RFID tag 10 is expected toreceive during a single grain-tracking cycle. For example, if the RFIDtag 10 is designed to track grain through eleven stages, the RFID tagshould have at least sufficient capacity in the read-write memory 26 tocontain eleven sets of data.

Beginning with the first stage to which the grain is to be processed,detailed identification/tracking information is written to each RFID tag10. Each RFID tag 10 has its own unique ID. The RFID tags 10 aredeposited in a container 28 (see FIG. 10) housing the grain 12 (such asa bin) during transport of the grain into the container (for example,during harvest). The RFID tags 10 preferably are deposited at apredetermined time or volume rate, such as one tag per every fiftybushels of grain 12 harvested.

At the point of deposit the RFID tags 10, through the reader/writer 14(a radio-frequency (RF) device), are encoded in the read-write memory 26with a time when the RFID tag was handled with the surrounding grain,and information sufficient to determine a location of handling at thetime when the RFID tag was handled with the surrounding grain. Forexample, the time when the RFID tag 10 was handled with the surroundinggrain 12 may be a time, such as the current atomic clock date/time. Therecorded time may be before or after the RFID tag 10 is deposited withthe grain 12, and after the RFID tag is deposited this time may bebefore, during, or after the surrounding grain is deposited in thecontainer 28.

The information sufficient to determine a location of handling at thetime when the RFID tag 10 was handled with the surrounding grain 12 mayinclude, for example, an absolute location, such as current globalpositioning satellite (GPS) coordinates, and/or an identification of thecontainer 28 in which the grain and the RFID tag are currently locatedor to be deposited. Such identification may include, for example, theserial number of a combine. In addition to these encoded data, theread-write memory 26 may also be encoded with additional data, such as,but not limited to, an event number for a particular stage inprocessing, a lot number, a rate of insertion of the RFID tag 10, amoisture content of the surrounding grain 12, other grain attributedata, etc.

At later stages, such as during transfer to a grain cart and into atruck, the RFID tags 10 may be encoded with additional data including atime when the RFID tag was handled with the surrounding grain 12, andinformation sufficient to determine a location of handling at the timewhen the RFID tag was handled with the surrounding grain. For example,location information may include new container identification (e.g.,grain cart serial number, semi truck serial number, etc.).

FIG. 3 shows exemplary command messages sent by the reader/writer 14 andresponses of the RFID tag 10. A read ID command 30 includes start bits32 indicating the command, the command code 34 (e.g. “read ID” code),and a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error detection code 36. The startbits 32 indicate a start of a message condition to a given receiver,either the RFID tag 10 or the reader/writer 14. The RFID tag ID containsthe unique tag ID bits for a given RFID tag 10. A read ID response 38from the RFID tag 10 includes start bits 40, the RFID tag's ID 42 (fromthe ROM 24), and a CRC 44.

For reading data, an exemplary read data command 46 includes start bits48, the RFID tag ID 42, a command code (e.g., “read data”) 52, and a CRC54. In response, a read data response 56 includes start bits 58, theRFID tag ID 42, a record count N 60 and N records data payload 62 fromthe read-write memory 26, and a CRC 64. Similarly, a write data command66 includes start bits 68, the RFID tag ID 42, a command code (“writedata” code) 70, one records data payload 72, and a CRC 74. The writedata response 76 includes start bits 78, the RFID tag ID 42, and a CRC80.

The reader/writer 14 preferably is linked to a current atomic clockdate/time, and current GPS coordinates, as well as a serial number ofthe particular container 28. A single record of data payload preferablyincludes at least time stamp and location data from a GPS receiverlinked to the reader/writer 14, as well as any other data defined forthis system, such as that described above. The reader/writer 14preferably is linked to both a yield monitor and the GPS for thispurpose.

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary reader/writer 14 provided for encoding datawithin the RFID tag 10, and for reading data stored in the RFID tag'sROM 24 and read-write memory 26. The packaging for the reader/writer 14is preferably suitable for the expected environmental conditions at thelocations in which it is to be used, but can vary significantly in termsof its shape, size, weight, etc. Preferably, the reader/writer 14 isembodied in a handheld or portable device. Power for the reader/writer14 may be provided by, for example, standard house current (120 VAC),batteries, solar power, etc.

The exemplary reader/writer 14 shown includes an electronics box 82,which may be housed within a suitable casing. The electronics box 82 mayinclude, for example, the components shown in FIG. 5 and othercomponents as may be desired. An antenna cable 84 couples theelectronics box 82 to an RF antenna 85 for reading to and writing fromthe RF antenna 16 of the RFID tag 10. The reader/writer 14 may alsoinclude, for example, an antenna for receiving GPS and/or atomic clockdata for recording with the RFID tag 10. This antenna may be part of orseparate from the RF antenna 86. As shown, the RF antenna 86 may bedetachable, or instead may be integrated into the reader/writer 14.Power and control cables 88 coupled to the electronics box 82 providepower and manual or automatic control for the components within thereader/writer 14.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary architecture for the reader/writer 14. A GPSantenna 90 and a GPS receiver 92 are provided for receiving andprocessing signals from a GPS. These processed signals are sent to amicrocomputer 94 coupled to the GPS receiver 92 for processing data. Themicrocomputer 94 also is coupled to an RF transmitter 96 and an RFreceiver 98, both of which are electrically coupled to the RF antenna 86for sending or receiving electromagnetic signals. Further, themicrocomputer 94 preferably is coupled to a suitable network connection100 for uploading or downloading data to or from a central system ornetwork 102 for analysis or storage. The central system or systems 102may be one or more computers at one or more locations, for example onesystem at a farm and another at a processor facility. The one or moresystems may communicate via the network. The connection 102 may includebut is not limited to a wireless connection (such as 802.11 standardconnection, Bluetooth, cellular, etc.), controller area network (CAN)bus, Ethernet, modem, or other suitable connection. Additionally oralternatively, the microcomputer 94 may include suitable stand-alonedatabase software for analysis and/or storage.

The microcomputer 94 of the reader/writer 14 receives a time stamp andlocation data through the GPS antenna 90 and the GPS receiver 92. Whenthe RFID tag 10 is detected by, for example, obtaining a valid ID fromthe RFID tag via the antenna 86 and the RF receiver 98, the current timestamp, location data, and any other defined system data are encoded tothe RFID tag via the RF transmitter 96 and the antenna. Themicrocomputer 94 may also store all of the records that it has receivedin a stand-alone database. If the network connection 100 is provided,these data may additionally or alternatively be transferred to acentralized or regional computer system for analysis or storage.

As explained above, the RFID tag 10 preferably is encoded at least witha unique hard-coded ID within the ROM 24, and with time and locationinformation in the read-write memory 26 by the reader/writer 14. Suchdata and other data (event number, lot number, etc.) may be stored asindividual sets of data within the read-write memory 26. For example,FIG. 6 shows exemplary data stored in the RFID tag 10 for grain as itmoves with surrounding grain in four stages: Stage 1—harvest 110; Stage2—transfer to a tractor/grain-cart 112; Stage 3—transfer from thetractor/grain-cart to a truck 114; and Stage 4—loading of the truck to astorage bin 116.

A first set of encoded data 117 for Stage 1 110 includes the hard-codedRFID tag ID 118, and data stored in the read-write memory 26, including:an event number 120; a time 122 (e.g., atomic clock time); an absolutelocation 124 (GPS latitude and longitude coordinates); a serial number126 identifying a container in which the grain 12 is currently stored(such as the serial number for a particular vehicle or particularequipment); and a unique lot number 128 for each transfer event. Asecond set of data 130 is appended to the first set of data 117 and addsthe new event number 132, the time 134, the GPS location 136, serialnumber 138, and lot number 140 for Stage 2 112. Similarly, a third dataset 142 further appends an event number 144, atomic time 146, GPSlocation 148, container ID 150, and lot number 152. Finally, a fourthdata set 154 appends to all of the data from the other three data sets117, 130, 142, an event number 155, an atomic time 156, GPS location158, container ID 160, and lot number 162 for Stage 4 116.

As shown in FIG. 6, additional encoding of data does not replacepreviously-encoded data within the read-write memory 26, but insteadpreferably adds data to the previously-encoded data, creating a completerecord of time, location, and container identification for every stagein the grain's transport and processing. It is possible that data forintermediate steps may be removed at some stage, or may not be encoded.However, it is preferred for optimal benefit of the present inventionthat data be recorded at each stage of the transport for the grain 12.Thus, at any given moment of time, the RFID tag 10, and particularly theread-write memory 26, will contain a history of product movement,storage, and processing, including at least time and location oftransactions and identification of relevant equipment, storagefacilities, etc.

For example, a typical system for grain transport may include elevenstages of recording and/or reading tracking information. Stage 1, forexample, may be harvest, and Stage 11 may be the last whole grain pointin the supply process, such as a grain processor or export. Though atany of the stages, it may be possible to read and write data to/from theRFID tag 10, insert new RFID tags and/or extract RFID tags, in apreferred overall process, such as for tracking the grain 12 betweenStages 1-11, the RFID tags are inserted at Stage 1 and extracted atStage 11. Further, while reading from or writing to the encoded RFIDtags 10 need not occur at all of the intermediate stages, it may bepossible to do so at all potential points of tracking information. Sucha process may be preferable for security reasons, etc.

Beginning with Stage 1 (harvest) the RFID tag 10 may be encoded with, inaddition to its own unique ID, the current atomic clock date/time, thecurrent GPS coordinates, and serial number of the combine. The RFID tags10 may be deposited, for example, in the combine grain bin duringharvest at a particular rate, such as one for every fifty bushels ofgrain harvested. At Stage 2 (transfer to a tractor/grain-cart) and Stage3 (transfer from the tractor/grain-cart to a truck), the RFID tags 10preferably are again re-encoded with the current time, locationcoordinates, and container ID (of the tractor/grain cart, and truck,respectively).

In this exemplary process, Stages 4-6 include the on-farm storage andhandling portion of the system. The RFID tags 10 preferably are encodedwith additional time, coordinate, and container ID information at Stage4 when leaving the truck to enter a first grain holding bin (in whichthe GPS coordinate is preferably a fixed location for the site, with anID number for each bin at the site). Further, in Stage 5, the grain 12(for example, wet corn) may be transferred to a dryer, and in Stage 6,to a final holding bin. In Stages 5 and 6 the RFID tags 10 preferablyare again recorded with the time and container ID at transfer (since, inthis example, the GPS coordinates are fixed at this site) therebyallowing calculation of storage time in each bin, and the drying time.

Stage 7 (transfer from the final holding bin to a truck) preferably issimilar to Stage 3 (transfer from the tractor/grain-cart to the truck),with the transfer time, serial number of the truck, and site GPScoordinates being recorded. From this point, the grain 12 and the RFIDtags 10 may move on to a Stage 8 a location (a rural elevator) whereprocessor encoding and reading is performed similarly to that of Stages4-6, as the grain is in storage and transfer within a particular fixedsite. Alternatively, the grain 12 may be moved directly to a Stage 8 b(livestock facility site), where there will again be encoding of a timeand location of arrival at the site. At this stage, it may be useful toextract and read the RFID tags 10.

Next, the grain 12 goes through Stage 9 (transfer to another truck), andthen on to Stage 10 (terminal or processor), where again encoding,reading, and extraction of the RFID tags 10 may occur. Alternatively,the grain 12 may proceed to Stage 11 (export), where extraction canoccur at the international processor, for example.

At any given moment of time (i.e., at any particular stage, or betweenstages), the RFID tags 10 preferably each contain a complete history ofproduct movement, storage, and processing, including time and locationof transactions, and serial numbers or other identification of relevantequipment, storage facilities, etc. As described above, this informationcan be extracted from the reader/writer 14 or other device, and may bestored therein or sent to one or more central computers for storageand/or processing. For example, an external geographical informationsystem (GIS) and non-spatial database may be provided for referencingother attribute, time, and spatial data layers. The database may beused, for example, to store the received data from the RFID tags 10,sort the data, and/or analyze the data.

One preferred method of analyzing and/or displaying the RFID tags' datais by using a visualization tool for static identification of the grain12, preferably with attribute location information (such as in storage).For example, a display 164 (see FIG. 7) coupled to the database (forexample, as part of a PC) may include a visual depiction of one or morestages of the grain's transport. By linking the database with thedisplay, a particular area of the visual depiction may be highlighted toindicate that the grain 12 surrounding the RFID tag 10 is located at aparticular position. Similarly, such visualization may includeidentification of a particular container, particular lot, and/orabsolute location, using a map, etc.

This visualization may be expanded, for example, by identifying multiplelocations extracted from the RFID tags 10 to backtrack movement of thegrain 12 among its different stages. For example, FIG. 7 shows anexemplary display 164 including a visual depiction from farm fieldharvest to farm storage to a processing plant or Stages 1-10 describedabove. This depiction may be, for example, an overlay 166 of the uniqueRFID tag recording points on a satellite image or other geographicreferenced maps. By highlighting particular locations within thedepicted lots (e.g., by linking the visualization with absolutecoordinates) and highlighting the extracted coordinates in the display,individual points for a particular RFID tag 10 can be displayed on thedisplay 164. Individual lots or tags may be selected, for example, byhighlighting icons 167 on the display 164 indicating RFID tag recordingpoints.

An individual tag record 171 can be displayed, as shown in an enlargedfarm field view 172 in FIG. 7, by selecting, for example byhighlighting, an icon 173 on the field view. The enlarged field view 172is created by enlarging a selected portion of the overlay 166. Theexemplary individual record 171 shows a unique tag ID number 175, eventnumber 176, atomic clock time of harvest 178, GPS coordinates 180, aserial number of a combine 182, and a unique lot number 184. Moreover, acomplete list 186 of RFID tags in storage may be displayed, as shown atan enlarged processor level image 188. The ID numbers from the RFID tags10 may then be linked to the database for displaying the compete historyof the first to last stage events, time, location, etc. As one example,a record 190 shows a list of RFID tag IDs 192 and their associated lotnumbers 194 at a location on the enlarged field view 172.

Further, by connecting the displayed points a general path of movementfor the grain 12 can be depicted on the display 164, as demonstratedwith dotted points 196 for the farm storage to processor transportationshown in FIG. 7. Such backtracking can effectively illustrate movementof the grain 12, when and where the grain was stored, and/or originationof the grain. Further, visualization software may be provided foridentifying buffer/isolation regions, for example, in the field,storage, and/or transport routes for segregating high-value orpotentially contaminated grain.

Providing a unique ID for each RFID tag 10 in the ROM 24, and encodingthe RFID tag at various stages without rewriting the previously-writtendata before extraction, reduces or eliminates the potential tomanipulate or falsify the encoding information. By coding the time,location, and ID for equipment used, built-in redundancy is provided,which allows checking for errors in terms of the timeline of RFID tagread/write information, location/spatial error checks, reference toappropriate harvest, transport and storage equipment, and timelinereference to appropriate batch loads, etc. Use of visualization such asthat described above enables, for example, visualization of time andspatial movement of grain, and depicts origination of any data that maybe outside prescribed control parameters.

The RFID tags 10 may be deposited within the containers 28 housing thegrain 12 (such as, but not limited to, storage bins, trucks, combines,etc.) in any suitable manner. Further, the RFID tags 10 may be extractedat a later stage in any suitable manner. A preferred RFID tag 10, asexplained above, includes an at least partially magnetic casing or othermagnetic component to make it easier to deposit and/or extract the RFIDtags. FIG. 8 shows an RFID tag dispenser 200 according to an embodimentof the present invention. Generally, the dispenser 200 includes a tank202 for containing the RFID tags 10 to be dispensed, including a hopper204 at its bottom with an opening 206 large enough to allow passage ofthe RFID tags (preferably one at a time), a surface such as a dispensingdoor 208 that selectively opens and closes the opening to dispense theRFID tags from the tank, a controlling device such as a solenoid 210 tocontrol opening and/or closing of the dispensing door, a tags guide 212connected to the opening of the hopper, which directs the RFID tags fordispensation, and control electronics 214 for controlling the solenoid.

Preferably, the dispensing door 208 includes a surface embodied in adisk that is dimensioned and positioned to cover the opening 206 of thehopper 204 at the bottom of the tank 202. For selectively opening andclosing the dispensing door 208, the disk is connected to a rod 216,which at an opposing end is inserted into the solenoid 210. When apositive current is applied to the solenoid 210 from the controlelectronics 214, the rod 216 is pulled in (towards the solenoid) and thedisk of the dispensing door 208 opens the opening 206 at the bottom ofthe hopper 204. In this way, the RFID tag 10, preferably a single tag,is released into the tags guide 212, which preferably is embodied in ahollow pipe or chute, which has an opening 218 at one end incommunication with the opening of the tank, and at an opposing end hasan opening 220 for dispensing the RFID tags.

Conversely, when a negative current is applied to the solenoid 210 fromthe control electronics 214, the rod 216 is pushed out (away from thesolenoid), thus moving the disk of the dispensing door 208 and thusclosing the opening 206 at the bottom of the hopper 204. The tags guide212 preferably is positioned and configured to direct the released RFIDtag 10 to an appropriate location (via, e.g., gravity or other directionmechanism, such as a vacuum) to be released into a grain stream beforeor during a dispensation of the grain 12 into the container 28.

The control electronics 214, preferably stored in a control box, providethe positive and negative currents to the solenoid 210 based on acontrol program. The control electronics 214 may also provide aninterface for instituting a frequency of release of the RFID tags 10,and may further interface with other system components. For example, anoperator can program the control electronics 214 to release a specifiednumber of RFID tags 10 within a specified time interval (e.g., one RFIDtag per minute). As another example, an operator can program the controlelectronics 214 to release one or more RFID tags 10 for a particularvolume, such as for a particular number of bushels based on a harvesteryield monitor.

The tag dispenser 200 can be configured and positioned to dispense theRFID tags 10 into a stream of grain moved by a belt-based grain handlingsystem, into a stream of freely falling grain (such as into acontainer), and/or into a stream of grain moved by an auger. For anexemplary belt-based grain handling system 220, as shown in FIG. 9, thetag dispenser 200 may be located above a belt 222, wherein the opening218 of the tags guide 212 is directed towards the belt. Alternatively,for the case of a freely falling grain 224, as shown in FIG. 10, the tagdispenser 200 may be located next to free-fall volume into the container28 and the opening 218 of the tags guide 212 may be directed towards thefalling grain. The reader/writer 14 may be positioned to encode the RFIDtag 10 or read from the RFID tags as they pass by the reader/writer. Foran auger-based grain handling system, the tags guide 212 may be directlyinserted into the auger pipe, for example, or may positioned above anauger intake system.

In an exemplary embodiment of a device for extracting the RFID tags 10,according to another embodiment of the present invention, which utilizesthe preferred magnetic component or portion of the RFID tag (such as,for example, a magnetic component of the casing), a magnetic tag remover230 is provided. As shown in FIG. 11, the remover 230 includes a magnet,such as a permanent magnet or electromagnet 232 for attracting the RFIDtags 10, a moving surface such as a moving belt 234 powered by anelectrical engine 236, and a storage container (such as a box 238) forthe RFID tags. The belt 234 preferably is disposed between the magnet232 and the grain 12 from which the RFID tags 10 are to be removed, andmost preferably is disposed within a loop of the belt.

The magnet 232 pulls up the RFID tags 10 using the magnetic component ofthe tags. The RFID tags 10 are then moved by the belt 234 to the storagecontainer 238. Preferably, the storage container 238 is positioned at orpast the edge of the magnet 232, thus allowing the captured RFID tags10, once sufficiently displaced from the power of the magnet, to beimmediately released into the storage container. The dimensions of thebelt 234, the speed of the belt, and the required power of the magnet232 may be defined, for example, by the particular deploymentenvironment for extracting the RFID tags 10.

The remover 230 can be used, for example, to remove the RFID tags 10from a stream of grain moved by a belt-based grain handling systemand/or from a stream of falling grain. In an exemplary belt-based grainhandling system 240, as shown by example in FIG. 12, the belt 234 of theremover 230 is positioned to face a grain belt 242 (as shown, above thegrain belt), and the storage container 238 is located next to the grainbelt. As shown in FIG. 13, in the case of falling grain (e.g., freelyfalling grain), the belt 234 of the remover 230 preferably is positionedto face a path of falling grain 244, and the storage container 238 isplaced directly below the removing belt. In the embodiments shown inFIGS. 12-13, a moving surface 246 (i.e. the surface of the moving beltfacing the grain 12) moves in a direction toward the storage container238, thus moving the magnetically-extracted RFID tags 10 towards thestorage container. When the RFID tags 10 are a sufficient distance fromthe magnet 232, the RFID tags freely fall or are directed into thestorage container 238. For an auger-based grain handling system, thebelt 234 of the remover 230 may be positioned, for example, just abovean auger intake system.

While specific embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed, it is to be understood that other modifications,substitutions, and alternatives will be apparent to those of ordinaryskill in the art. Such modifications, substitutions, and alternativescan be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the presentinvention, which should be determined from the appended claims.

Various features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims.

1. A method of tracking transported grain, the method comprising:depositing a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag in a containerwith the grain, the tag having a size approximating a size of anindividual grain and comprising a memory and an RF communicationchannel; recording in the memory data including at least a time when theRFID tag was handled with the surrounding grain, and informationsufficient to determine a location of handling at the time when the RFIDtag was handled with the surrounding grain.
 2. The method of claim 1wherein the information sufficient to determine a location of handlingcomprises at least one of an absolute location and an identification ofthe container.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the time when the RFIDtag was handled with surrounding grain comprises atomic time.
 4. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising: retrieving the recorded data fromthe RFID tag.
 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: during ahandling stage when the grain and the RFID tag is transported to a newcontainer, recording additional data, the additional data comprising anadditional time and information sufficient to determine a location ofhandling during the handling stage.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein theRFID tag includes a unique identification stored in read-only memory. 7.The method of claim 5 wherein the memory comprises a non-volatileread/write memory.
 8. The method of claim 5 further comprising: storingthe retrieved data in a database.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein thedatabase is a central database separate from a device used to performsaid recording.
 10. The method of claim 8 further comprising: analyzingthe stored data.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said analyzingcomprises displaying at least one of the location for the container andfor the new container.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said analyzingcomprises displaying both the location for the container and thelocation for the new container.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein saidanalyzing comprises displaying a timeline for the transported grainusing the location for the container and the new container.
 14. Themethod of claim 12 wherein said analyzing comprises displaying a generaltravel path for the transported grain using the location for thecontainer and the new container.
 15. The method of claim 10 wherein thedata for the container and the new container each comprise a data setincluding an absolute location, a time, and a container identification,and wherein said analyzing comprises: comparing at least one item in thedata set for at least one of the container and the new container toanother item in the data set for at least one of the container and thenew container; determining if an inconsistency is present between thecompared data.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein said step ofdetermining uses a timeline created using at least some of the data inthe data sets.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein said step ofdetermining uses a travel path created using at least some of the datain the data sets.
 18. The method of claim 16 wherein said step ofcomparing comprises comparing at least one item in the data set for thecontainer to another item in the data set for the container.
 19. Themethod of claim 16 wherein said step of comparing comprises comparing atleast one item in the data set for the container to an item in the dataset for the new container.
 20. A tracking device for grain comprising: aradio-frequency identification (RFID) tag dimensioned to have a sizeapproximating surrounding grain, said tag comprising a memory and an RFcommunication channel; data stored in said memory, said data comprisingat least a time when said RFID was handled with surrounding grain andinformation sufficient to determine a location of handling at the timewhen said RFID tag was handled with surrounding grain.
 21. The trackingdevice of claim 20 wherein the information sufficient to determine alocation comprises global positioning satellite (GPS) coordinates. 22.The tracking device of claim 20 wherein said RFID tag is a passiveelectronic device.
 23. The tracking device of claim 20 wherein the timecomprises atomic time.
 24. The tracking device of claim 20 wherein saidRFID tag further comprises a unique identification code for said RFIDtag.
 25. The tracking device of claim 24 wherein the uniqueidentification code is stored in a read-only memory of said RFID tag.26. A system for tracking transported grain, the system comprising: awriter for recording data into an RFID tag, the data including at leasta time when the RFID tag was handled with surrounding grain andinformation sufficient to determine a location of handling at the timewhen the RFID tag was handled with surrounding grain; and a reader forretrieving said recorded data from RFID tag.
 27. The system of claim 26further comprising: a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tagdimensioned to have a size approximating surrounding grain, said tagcomprising a memory and an RF communication channel, wherein said writerrecords the data in the memory, and wherein said reader retrieves therecorded data from the memory.
 28. The system of claim 27 wherein atleast one of said reader and said writer communicates with said RFID tagby sending and receiving electromagnetic signals.
 29. The system ofclaim 28 wherein said RFID tag is a passive device, and whereinelectromagnetic signals transmitted from at least one of said reader andsaid writer to said RFID tag provide power for said RFID tag.
 30. Thesystem of claim 26 wherein said reader and said writer comprise a singledevice.
 31. The system of claim 26 further comprising: a database foranalyzing the retrieved data.
 32. The system of claim 31 wherein saiddatabase comprises a stand-alone database within a microcomputer of saidwriter.
 33. The system of claim 31 wherein said database comprises apersonal computer, said personal computer comprising a display andvisualization software for visualizing the retrieved data.
 34. Thesystem of claim 26 wherein said reader encodes a data set in the RFIDtag for each of a plurality of stages in processing of grain.
 35. Thesystem of claim 26 further comprising: a dispenser for dispensing saidRFID tags into the container.
 36. The system of claim 26 furthercomprising: a remover for removing said RFID tags from surroundinggrain.
 37. The system of claim 26 further comprising: an apparatus forencrypting the data to be recorded in the RFID tag before the data isrecorded in the RFID tag.
 38. An apparatus for dispensing an RFID tagwith a quantity of grain, the apparatus comprising: a containerincluding a plurality of RFID tags, said container including an opening;a surface for selectively unblocking or blocking the opening to permitor block one or more RFID tags from exiting said container through theopening; a device for selectively moving said surface.
 39. The apparatusof claim 38 wherein said surface is selectively positioned to cover theopening, and wherein said apparatus further comprises; a connectionbetween said surface and said device for selectively moving saidsurface.
 40. The apparatus of claim 39 wherein said connection comprisesa rod, and wherein said device for operating said dispenser comprises aselectively operable apparatus for moving rod, thus moving said surfaceto selectively cover or uncover the opening.
 41. The apparatus of claim40 wherein the selectively operable apparatus comprises: a solenoid; acontrol for selectively applying a positive or negative current to saidsolenoid.
 42. The apparatus of claim 38 further comprising: a guide forthe RFID tag connected at one end to the opening, and having an opposingopening for dispensation of the RFID tag.
 43. The apparatus of claim 42wherein said opposing opening is directed toward a belt of a belt-basedgrain handling system.
 44. The apparatus of claim 42 wherein saidopposing opening is directed toward a container into which free-fallinggrain is directed.
 45. A remover for retrieving an RFID tag from aquantity of grain, the apparatus comprising: a container for holding theretrieved RFID tag; a magnet for magnetically attracting the RFID tag; amoving surface for moving the RFID tag towards the container, saidmoving surface being disposed between the magnet and the quantity ofgrain including the RFID tag; said moving surface moving the RFID tag toa location wherein the RFID tag is sufficiently displaced from a forceof said magnet and is permitted to freely fall into said container. 46.The remover of claim 45 wherein said moving surface comprises a beltoperated by an electrical engine.
 47. The remover of claim 46 whereinsaid belt is positioned facing a moving belt of a belt-based grainhandling system.
 48. The remover of claim 46 wherein said belt ispositioned to face the quantity of grain as it freely falls with theRFID tag.
 49. A method of tracking transported grain, comprising:placing an RFID tag into a grain flow of the transported grain; encodingthe RFID tag with at least a time when the RFID tag was handled with thegrain as part of the grain flow, and information sufficient to determinea location of handling at the time when the RFID tag was handled withthe surrounding grain.
 50. The system of claim 31 wherein said databasecomprises a personal computer.